タッピミミズ

　フトミミズ科＞アズマフトミミズ属＞ タッピミミズ Amynthas tappensis (Ohfuchi, 1935)

Pheretima tappensis Ohfuchi, 1935: 409; 大淵, 1938b: 178; 小林, 1941c: 260; 大淵・山口, 1947: 1358; 上平, 1973a: 59, 2001a: 63, 2002a: 18, 2003a: 74, 2004c: 25, 2006: 40, 2014a: 29; Ishizuka, 1999a: 66; 南谷ら, 2015: 86.

Amynthas tappensis Sims & Easton, 1972: 237; Easton, 1981: 52; Blakemore, 2003: 27, 2003 addenda: 43 (syn. nov. bimaculata, silvatica, surcata, odaesanensis, righii, fasciiformis), 2008d: 100 (syn. nov. ? sanchongensis), 2010a: 19, 2012b: 19.

[non tappensis]

　Pheretima tappensis 安立・大野, 1964: 404.

タイプ標本

基産地：青森県東津軽郡竜飛

タイプ標本所在地：不明

形態

＜外部形態＞

　全長 131-208 mm で平均 167.8 mm、体幅 5-8 mm で平均 6.3 mm、体節数 84-115で平均 110 (Ohfuchi, 1935).

　第一背孔は第 12/13 体節間溝。

　受精囊孔は第 6/7/8 体節間溝にあり、各受精囊孔のすぐ下に 4-11 の小さな性徴がある。雄性孔は第 18 体節にあり、体表よりも深く窪む。雄性孔間の剛毛は 16-25本で平均 19 本。第 18 体節の雄性孔のすぐ内側の剛毛線より前に、性徴が 7-10 ほど集まった直径 1.5 x 2.0 mm ほどの楕円形の斑がある。

＜内部形態＞

　腸盲嚢は第27体節にあり、第 23 体節に達し、指状型でそれぞれ5本の副嚢にわかれる。

　受精囊の表面は滑らかで、主嚢は長さ 4 mm、幅 4.5 mmで、導管は太く短く 2 mm。副嚢は主嚢に比べて長さは2倍、太さは 1/9〜1/10 程度で、渦を巻く用にねじ曲がる。ネジ曲がっていなければ、副嚢は主嚢の 2-3 倍長い。4-6 個の瓶状単生殖腺が受精囊の根本にある。精巣は第 11-12 体節にあり、よく発達して第 13 体節に達する。摂護腺はとても大きく、長方形でいくつもの小葉に分かれ、5体節分を占める。摂護腺のすぐ近くに、瓶状単生殖腺があり、小さな塊状になる。　

＜原記載（クリックして展開）＞

　　Locality; Tappi, Higashi-tsugaru district, Aomori Prefecture.

　　External characters.

　　The colour is dark brown on the dorsal furface, and light grey on the ventral surface.

　　The body length varies considerably, but among the large ones I find that it ranges from 131-208 mm. the average of 32 individuals is 167.8 mm., breadth about 6.3 mm. the average of 32 individuals (5-8 mm.), number of segments 110 the average of 32 individuals (84-115).

　　The first dorsal pore is found in XII/XIII. In many cases the dorsal pores are distinctly visible in the clitellum.

　　The spermathecal openings are of two pairs in VI/VII and VII/VIII. In the region below the spermathecal openings are found from four to eleven small genital papillae, and between the spermathecal orifice is found a prominently elevated fold, band-like in the top view, and arc-like in cross section, it occupies transversally about one-fourth the width of the segment, as shown in Fig. 2A. This band-like fold was probably formed secoundarily and many serve as a genital groove.

　　The number of setae are as follows: VII: 39-40, XX: 55-64

　　The clitellum occupies the three segments XIV, XV and XVI. Not only the boundary line of the segments are distinct but also setae are usually found.

　　The large oblong-shaped ovidual pore is located in XIV.

　　Male pores are located on the chaetal line of XVIII, and are deeply caved from the body surface. The number of setae in between the male pores is 19, the average of 32 individuals (16-25).

　　The symmetrically located and well delineated patches are of oblong-shape and slightly convex forwards, they are about 1.5 mm. and 2 mm. in diameter, and found in the neighborhood of the male pores in front of the chaetal line.

　　These patches are prominently elevated from the body surface and contain from seven to ten small circular projections as shown in Fig. 2B.

　　Internal Characters.

　　In the anterior segments, the septa are well developed in IV/V, V/VI, VI/VII and VII/VIII and that in VI/VII is thickest, and those from VIII/IX to XI/XII are absent.

　　The intestine begins in XV, and in XXVII a pair of the finger-shaped coeca with five lobes are found, among these the ventral most ones are least developed and become gradually longer dorsally, the most developed lobes extend for five segments anteriorly, viz. to XXIII.

　　The shape of the spermathecal ampulla is smooth and ovoid or sac-like having a well characterised very voluminous sac about 4 mm. long, 4.5 mm. broad, with a relatively short stout duct 2 mm. long. The diverticulum is a very thick tubular organ, sharply coiled and about twice as long and one-nineth or one-tenth as broad as ampulla. If uncoiled the diverticulum would be two or three times as long as the ampulla, and glistening for the end from middle part. It exhibits greater dilation in ental middle part, and slight dilation at the free end to form a simple pear-shaped seminal chamber.

　　The capsulogenous glands 4-6 in number are found under the spermathecal ampulla, each possessing a shorter stalk, as shown in Fig. 3B.

　　Sperm sascs are well developed in XI, XII and extend to XIII. Ovaries are located in XIII, oviduct funnel in XIII and its pore in XIV.

　　The prostate glands are very large, occupying five segments, rectangular in shape and with many lobes. The duct is strongly developed and gradually enlarges as it nears the external orifice.

　　Capsulogenous glands form a compact mass with relatively large sac and very short stalk, the openings are situated in the patches, and the genital papillae on the external surface on XVIII, as shown in Fig 2B. Last heart is located in XIII.

Pheretima tappensis (=Amynthas tappensis) の受精囊孔域の性徴（原記載図） (Ohfuchi, 1935, p. 411, fig. 2A より)

Pheretima tappensis (=Amynthas tappensis) の雄性孔と性徴（原記載図） (Ohfuchi, 1935, p. 411, fig. 2B より)

Pheretima tappensis (=Amynthas tappensis) の受精囊と生殖腺（原記載図） (Ohfuchi, 1935, p. 412, fig. 3 より)

Pheretima tappensis (=Amynthas tappensis) の摂護腺と生殖腺（原記載図） (Ohfuchi, 1935, p. 412, fig. 4 より)

分布

　東北地方から近畿地方にかけて分布する。北海道では全く記録されておらず、津軽海峡が本種の分布の制限要因になっていると考えられる (上平, 2003e)。なお、中部地方では愛知県でしか記録されておらず (小林, 1941c)、新潟県 (南谷ら, 2013)や山梨県 (上平, 2013)では全く記録されていない。ただし、中部地方はミミズ相の研究が殆ど行われていない。東北〜関東の個体群と近畿地方の個体群の間に断絶があるのか、明らかにする必要がある。

　東北地方南部では、標高の高い地点 (1,000- 1,400 m)、北部では低標高域 (30 - 100 m) に分布する (上平, 2004c)。同様に、東北地方以外で高標高域で記録されている (上平, 2006)。

図：これまでに出版された文献に基づく、タッピミミズの分布確認地点

生息環境

　マツなど針葉樹の落葉の下にも生息する (大淵, 1938b)。

備考

　大淵・山口 (1947) は和名をタッピミミズとしている。

　小林 (1941b)、南谷ら (2010b)、新井ら (2017) の記録は、その後の標本の検討により別種であり、本種の記録から削除されるべきである (南谷, 未発表データ)。

シノニムリスト

Pheretima tappensis Ohfuchi, 1935: 409. [形態記載]

Pheretima tappensis 大淵, 1938b: 178. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 小林, 1941c: 260. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 大淵・山口, 1947: 1358. [同定形質のみ]

Amynthas tappensis Sims & Easton, 1972: 237. [記述のみ] (Sep ?, 1972)

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 1973a: 59. [同定形質のみ] (?, 1973)

Amynthas tappensis Easton, 1981: 52. [同定形質のみ] (Apr 30, 1981)

Pheretima tappensis Ishizuka, 1999a: 66. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 2001a: 63. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 2002a: 18. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 2003a: 74. [記述のみ]

Amynthas tappensis Blakemore, 2003: 27. [同定形質のみ]

Amynthas tappensis Blakemore, 2003 addenda: 43 (syn. bimaculata syn. nov., silvatica syn. nov., surcata syn. nov., odaesanensis syn. nov., righii syn. nov., fasciiformis syn. nov.) [記述のみ] (Oct ?, 2003)

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 2004c: 25. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 2006: 40. [記述のみ]

Amynthas tappensis Blakemore, 2008d: 100 (syn. bimaculata, silvatica, ? surcata, odaesanensis, righii, fasciiformis, ? sanchongensis). [同定形質のみ] (Dec ?, 2008)

Amynthas tappensis Blakemore, 2010a: 19 (syn. bimaculata, silvatica, ? [surcata], odaesanensis, righii, fasciiformis, sanchongensis). [記述のみ] (Feb 28, 2010)

Amynthas tappensis Blakemore, 2012b: 19 (syn. bimaculata, silvatica, ? surcata, odaesanensis, righii, fasciiformis, sanchongensis). [記述のみ] (Feb 28, 2012)

Pheretima tappensis 上平, 2014a: 29. [記述のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 南谷ら, 2015: 86. [同定形質のみ]

Pheretima tappensis 新井ら, 2017: 90. [記述のみ] (Mar 30, 2017)

[non tappensis]

? Pheretima tappensis 安立・大野, 1964: 404.

引用文献

安立綱光, 大野正男, 1964. 丹沢山塊の陸棲貧毛類予報. In: 神奈川県 (ed.) 丹沢大山学術調査報告書 pp 403-407, 神奈川県.

新井翠, 南谷幸雄, 逢沢峰昭, 大久保達弘, 2017. 船生演習林のミミズ相. 宇都宮大学農学部演習林報告 53: 87-94.

Blakemore, R.J., 2003. Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): A review and checklist of species. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 11: 1-43.

Blakemore, R.J., 2008d. A review of Japanese earthworms after Blakemore (2003). In: Ito MT, Kaneko N, (eds.), A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World, 2nd Edition (2006) and Supplemental. COE soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM Publication.

Blakemore, R.J., 2010a. Saga of Herr Hilgendorf's worms... In: Pavlíček T, Cardet P, Coşkun Y, Csuzdi C, (eds.), Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy IV (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Proceedings of the 4th International Oligochaeta Taxonomy Meeting Diyarbakir, 20-24 April, 2009. Zoology in the Middle East Supplementum 2. Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 7-22.

Blakemore, R.J., 2012b. Japanese earthworms revisited a decade on. Zoology in the Middle East 58 suppl 4: 15-22.

Easton, E.G., 1981. Japanese earthworms: A synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology) 40(2): 33-65.

Ishizuka, K., 1999a. A review of the genus Pheretima s. lat. (Megascolecidae) from Japan. Edaphologia (62): 55-80.

上平幸好, 1973a. 日本産陸棲貧毛類フトミミズ属(Genus Pheretima), 種の検索表. 函館大学論究 7: 53-69.

上平幸好, 2001a. 東北地方における陸棲貧毛類の調査報告Ⅰ. ―青森県で採集された種類と分布―. 函館大学論究 32: 61-72.

上平幸好, 2002a. 東北地方における陸棲貧毛類の調査報告II. ―秋田県で採集された種類と分布―. 函館大学論究 33: 15-24.

上平幸好, 2003a. 東北地方における陸棲貧毛類の調査報告Ⅳ. ―山形県で採集された種類と分布―. 函館大学論究 34: 71-80.

上平幸好, 2004c. 東北地方における陸棲貧毛類の分布に関する考察. 函館短期大学紀要 30: 23-32.

上平幸好, 2006. 関東地方における陸棲貧毛類の調査報告II. ―栃木県で採集された種類と分布―. 函館短期大学紀要 32: 39-45.

上平幸好, 2014a. 中部地方における陸棲貧毛類の調査報告 III. ー富山県で採集された種類と分布ー. 函館短期大学紀要 40: 27-35.

小林新二郎, 1941c. 四国、中国、近畿及中部諸地方の陸棲貧毛類に就て. 動物学雑誌 53(5): 258-266.

南谷幸雄, 池田紘, 金子信博, 2015. 青森県の陸生大型貧毛類（ミミズ）相. 青森自然誌研究 20: 81-90.

Ohfuchi S., 1935. On some new species of earthworms from north-eastern Hondo, Japan. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 4th series (Biology) 10(2): 409-415.

大淵眞龍, 1938b. 本州東北部に於ける Pheretima 属に就て. 動物学雑誌 50(4): 177-178.

大淵眞龍, 山口英二, 1947. 環形動物貧毛綱. In: 内田清之助 (ed.), 新日本動物図鑑. 北隆館, 東京. pp. 1352-1371.

Sims, R.W., Easton, E.G., 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expeditions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4: 169-268.