Dichogaster bolaui

　フタツイミミズ科 ＞ フタツイミミズ属 ＞ 和名なし Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891)

Benhamia bolavi Michaelse, 1890g: 307, 1891: 307, 1892: 225; Ude, 1894: 68; Eisen, 1896: 125.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1900: 340, 1903b: 443, 1905: 310, 1908c: 15, 1913c: 417, 1921b: 22, 1922: 18, 1924c: 388, 1935: 101; Cognetti, 1905c: 40, 1908d: 83, ; Stephenson, 1917: 413, 1920: 257, 1923: 472, 1924a: 132, 1925b: 73, 1926: 266, 1931a: 64, 1931b: 195, 1933: 934; Pickford, 1932: 286; Kyaw & Gates, 1936: 166; Chen,  1938: 149; Kobayashi, 1940a: 1, 1941f: 403; 小林, 1941d: 373, 1941g: 514; Gates, 1942a: 95, 1958: 618, 1976c: 2; Sims, 1978: 671; Easton, 1981: 46; Julka, 1981: 34, 1982: 151; Standen, 1988: 44; Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1989: 137, 1991: 190; Nakamura, 1990: 102; Zicsi, 1993: 139; Dyne & Wallace, 1994: 63; Shih et al., 1999: 438; Blakemore, 2003: 11, 2008d: 35, 2012b: 17; Paliwal & Julka, 2004: 1974; James, 2004c: 10; Sautter et al., 2006: 298; Dhimon & Battish, 2006: 2136; Huang et al., 2006: 17; Horn et al., 2007: 175; Tsai et al., 2009: 37; Bartz et al., 2009: 938; Reynolds, 2009b: 67, 2015v: 118; Somniyam & Suwanwaree, 2009: 223; James & Divina, 2012: 148; Blakemore et al., 2012: 199; Feijoo & Celis, 2012: 113; Sinha et al. 2013: 300; Fragoso & Rojas, 2014: 203.

Dichogaster bolaui bolaui Righi, 1968: 374, 1984: 28.

Benhamia octonephra Rosa, 1895: 137b.

Dichogaster bolaui octonephra Cognetti, 1905b: 2, 1905c: 41.

Benhamia palmicola Eisen, 1896: 132.

Dichogaster bolaui palmicola Stephenson, 1916: 348.

Benhamia rugosa Eisen, 1896: 136.

Benhamia malayana Ude, 1894: 69.

Dichogaster malayana Michaelsen, 1900: 314; Stephenson, 1916: 346, 1923: 475, 1931c: 276; Nakamura, 1990: 102.

Benhamia bolavi pacifica Eisen, 1900: 209.

Dichogaster bolaui decanephra Michaelsen, 1915: 191.

Dichogaster lageniformis Friend, 1916: 262.

Dichogaster bolaui malabaricus Stephenson, 1920: 257, 1923: 473.

[要検討]

Benhamia bolavi Michaelsen, 1897a: 224, 1897b: 15;  Beddard, 1895a: 565.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1902a: 205, 1903a: 16, 1913b: 273, 1928b: 9, 1934b: 499; - Michaelsen & Boldt, 1932: 600; - Gates, 1942b: 129, 1961: 57, 1972: 279; Kobayashi, 1941: 517; Righi, 1968: 374, ; Easton, 1981: 46, 1984: 120; Lee, 1981: 566; Thai, 1982: 818; Sims & Gerard, 1985: 142; Yousuf & Hagras, 1986: 249; Nakamura, 1992: 24, 1994: 28; Talavera, 1992: 343; Csuzdi, 1995: 112, 1996: 358, 2000: 60; Blakemore, 2002: 108, 2007b: 35; Begum & Ismail, 2004: 1397; Zicsi, 2005: 125; Tripathi & Bhardwaj, 2005: 1516; Brown & James, 2006: 147; Brown et al., 2006: 357; Blakemore et al., 2006a: 178, 2006b: 227; Nunes et al., 2006: 334; Huang et al., 2006: 17; Kathireswari et al., 2008: 123; Sherlock & Carpenter, 2009: 432; Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009: 11; Somniyam & Suwanwaree, 2009: 223; Plisko, 2010: 292; Razafindrakoto et al., 2010: 232; Suthar, 2011: 79; Herrera, 2011: 2.

Benhamia malayana Horst, 1893a:35, 1893b: 328; Beddard, 1895a: 569; Rosa, 1896a: 310.

基産地：Bergedorf near Hamburg, German. (ドイツのBergedorf [ハンブルグ付近])

タイプ標本所在地：

　　　　ホロタイプ：Zoologischen Museums in Berlin (ZMB Verm. 7334)

　　　　パラタイプ：Hamburg Museum, Zool. Inst. Göttingen

＜外部形態＞

　全長 14-40 mm (14-17 [Kobayashi, 1940a]、20-40 [Stephenson, 1923; Julka, 1982])、体幅 1-3 mm (1-3 [Julka, 1982]、1.3-1.5 [Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a])、体節数 70-97 (70-98 [Julka, 1982]、78-97 [Stephenson, 1923]、94 [Kobayashi, 1940a])。剛毛はルンブリクス型で、対の間隔は狭く、体後部に行くに従って間隔が広くなる (Stephenson, 1923)。体前部では dd=2/3 U だが、後部では 1/2 U になる (Stephenson, 1923)。

　第一背孔は第 5/6 体節間溝 (Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a)、または第 5/6 または 6/7 体節間溝 (Julka, 1982; James, 2004c) に開口する。口前葉はproepilobous (Stephenson, 1923)。

　体色は一様なバフ色で色素沈着はなく、環帯は褐色 (Kobayashi, 1940a)。

　受精囊孔は第 7/8/9 体節間溝 の A 剛毛線上 (Julka, 1982)。環帯は剛毛を欠き (Kobayashi, 1940a)、第 13、14-18、19、20 体節 (5-8 体節を占める) (Stephenson, 1923)、第 14-18、時に13-21 体節に達する (Julka, 1982)、または第 13-20 体節 (Kobayashi, 1940a; James, 2004c)。環帯は鞍型であるが (Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a)、腹面はやや厚い (Kobayashi, 1940a)。雌性孔は第 14 体節の腹面中央に 1 個のみ(Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a; James, 2004c)。精溝は直線的で、第 17-19 体節を占める (Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a)。摂護腺孔は 2 対で、第 17、19体節の ab 剛毛線上 (Kobayashi, 1940a) または a 剛毛線上 (Julka, 1982)。

＜内部形態＞

　砂嚢は第 7-8 体節にある (Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a)。石灰腺は卵型で 3 対あり、第 15-17 体節 (Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a)。腸管は第 18 体節から始まる (Kobayashi, 1940a)。腎管は小さく、各体節の体壁に 3-4 個ずつ着く (Stephenson, 1923)。

　受精囊はごく小さく、主嚢は卵型もしくは洋なし型 (Kobayashi, 1940a)。導管は主嚢の嚢状部よりも長い (Stephenson, 1923; Kobayashi, 1940a)。副嚢は小さく、クラブ型で主嚢導管の中央に開口する (Stephenson, 1923)。性的剛毛は 2 タイプあり、一つ目は長さ 0.32 mm、幅 0.5 μ で先端はやや曲がり、 8 個の鋭く尖った小さな鋸歯を持つ。二つ目は長さ 0.27 mm 太さ 5 μ で、スプーン型に凹む (Stephenson, 1923)、または長さ 0.27-0.4 mm、太さ 3.5-7.5 μ (Julka, 1982)。貯精嚢は痕跡的で、第 11 体節に 1 対 (Stephenson, 1923)。

　熱帯〜温帯域に広く分布する。

　国外では、インド (Stephenson, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1924a, 1925b, 1926; Julka, 1981; Paliwal & Julka, 2004; Dhimon & Battish, 2006; Sinha et al., 2008)、スリランカ (Stephenson, 1923)、ニコバル諸島 (Julka, 1982)、ミャンマー (Stephenson, 1931; Kyaw & Gates, 1936; Gates, 1958; Reynolds, 2009b)、タイ (Somniyam & Suwanwaree, 2009)、マレーシア (Stephenson, 1931c)、中国 (Chen, 1938; Huang et al., 2006)、台湾 (Shih et al., 1999; Tsai et al., 2009)、韓国 (Blakemore et al., 2012)、フィリピン (Stephenson, 1933)、インドネシア (Michaelsen, 1934c)、パプア・ニューギニア (Stephenson, 1931; Standen, 1988)、オーストラリア (Stephenson, 1933; Michaelsen, 1935; Dyne & Wallace, 1994)、パラオ (Kobayashi, 1941f)、バヌアツ (Lee, 1981)、ミクロネシア (Kobayashi, 1940a, 1941f)、サモア (James, 2004c)、ハワイ (Eisen, 1900; Nakamura, 1990; Reynolds, 2015v)、アメリカ合衆国 (Eisen, 1896; Gates, 1942a)、メキシコ (Ude, 1894; Cognetti, 1905c; Gates, 1942a; Fragoso & Rojas, 2014)、パナマ (Cognetti, 1905b, c; Gates, 1942a; Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991)、ジャマイカ (Cognetti, 1905c; Gates, 1942a)、ハイチ (Michaelsen, 1908c)、ヴァージン諸島 (Michaelsen, 1908c)、アンティグア・バーブーダ (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991)、グアデルーペ (Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009)、ドミニカ (Cognetti, 1905c; Gates, 1942a)、セントビンセント (Cognetti, 1905c; Gates, 1942a)、バルバドス (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991)、コロンビア (Feijoo & Celis, 2012)、ベネズエラ (Michaelsen, 1892; Cognetti, 1905c; Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991; Zicsi, 1993)、オランダ領アンティル (Michaelsen, 1922; Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991)、トリニダード (Cognetti, 1905c)、エクアドル (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991)、ブラジル (Cognetti, 1905c; Michaelsen, 1921b; Righi, 1968, 1984; Sautter et al., 2006; Bartz et al., 2009)、ボリビア (Cognetti, 1905c; Michaelsen, 1921b; Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991)、パラグアイ (Rosa, 1895b; Cognetti, 1905c)、アルゼンチン (Cognetti, 1905c)、カーポベルデ (Cognetti, 1908d)、エチオピア (Michaelsen, 1903b)、ギニア (Michaelsen, 1915)、アノボン島 (Pickford, 1932)、ガボン (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1989; James & Divina, 2012)、コンゴ共和国 (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1989)、コンゴ民主共和国 (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1989)、タンザニア (Michaelsen, 1905e, 1921b)、南アフリカ (Michaelsen, 1913c; Sims, 1978; Horn et al., 2007) に分布する。

Oman, Qatar, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia (Horst, 1893a, b; Ude, 1894; Rosa, 1896a; Michaelsen & Boldt, 1932; Michaelsen, 1928b, 1934c), New Ireland, New Caledonia, Loyalty and Solomon Island, Tonga, Samoa, Easter Island, Galapagos, Curaçao, St. Thomas, French Guinea, Bonaco, Canary Islands, England, German, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Kenya, Rhodesia, Mozanbique, Nyasaland, Madagascar, Comoro Island.

　インドでは、洞窟の中からも発見されている (Stephenson, 1924a)。

　形態学的検討から、Cognetti (1905c) はそれまで品種とされていた palmicola と pacifica を亜種 octonephra のシノニムとした。

　Stephenson (1920) は、環帯が鞍状ではなく全周を巻き、受精囊の副嚢が 2 本あるものを変種 malabarica とした。

　琉球諸島から記載された hatomaana は、雌性孔が一つと記述されている一方で輸卵管は別れて開口すること、摂護腺が 1 対しか無いことから、本種 (Csuzdi, 1995) もしくは saliens (Easton, 1981) のシノニムとされているものの、どちらに帰属するのかは議論が続いている。本種は雌性孔が 1 個で摂護腺は 2 対であるため、本種ではなく saliens のシノニムである可能性が高い (Easton, 1981; Blakemore, 2008d)。なお、Blakemore (2008d, 2012b) は疑問符付きで本種と saliens 双方のシノニムとしており、正確な所属は不明。

　Shen & Tsai (2007) は生殖器の形態が異なることから独立種とした。

　しばしば、シャワーの排水管の中から発見されるため、住宅侵入型種 (domicole species) と呼ばれている (Rota & Schmidt, 2006; Csuzdi et al., 2008)。さらに、女性の陰部から採集されたことが報告されている (Stephenson, 1931; Blakemore et al., 2012)。ただし、これらは寄生ではなく単なる一時的な滞在（入浴や洗浄、野外活動によって一時的に侵入）によるものだろうと推測されている (Blakemore et al., 2012)。

Benhamia bolavi Michaelsen, 1890g: 307.

Benhamia bolaviMichaelsen, 1891: 307.

Benhamia bolavi Michaelsen, 1892: 225.

Benhamia bolavi Ude, 1894: 68.

Benhamia malayana Ude, 1894: 69.

Benhamia octonephra Rosa, 1895b: 137.

Benhamia bolavi Eisen, 1896: 125.

Benhamia palmicola Eisen, 1896: 132.

Benhamia rugosa Eisen, 1896: 136.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1900: 340.

Dichogaster malayana Michaelsen, 1900: 341.

Benhamia bolavi pacifica Eisen, 1900: 209.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1903: 443.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1905: 310.

Dichogaster bolaui var. octonephra Cognetti, 1905b: 2. [記述のみ] (May 24, 1905)

Dichogaster bolaui Cognetti, 1905c: 40. [形態記載] (Jun 25, 1905)

Dichogaster bolaui var. typica Cognetti, 1905c: 40. [形態記載] (Jun 25, 1905)

Dichogaster bolaui subsp. octonephra Cognetti, 1905c: 40 (syn. palmicola, pacifica). [形態記載] (Jun 25, 1905)

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1908c: 15.

Dichogaster bolaui Cognetti, 1908d: 83. [記述のみ] (Nov 25, 1908)

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1913c: 417.

Dichogaster bolaui var. decanephra Michaelsen, 1915: 191.

Dichogaster malayana Stephenson, 1916: 346.

Dichogaster bolaui subsp palmicola Stephenson, 1916: 348.

Dichogaster lageniformis Friend, 1916: 262.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1917: 414.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1920: 257.

Dichogaster bolaui var. malabaricus Stephenson, 1920: 257.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1921b: 22.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1922: 18.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1923: 472 (syn. palmicola).

Dichogaster bolaui var. malabarica Stephenson, 1923: 473.

Dichogaster malayana Stephenson, 1923: 475.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1924a: 132.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1924c: 388.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1925b: 73.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1926: 266.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1931a: 64.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1931b: 195.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1931c: 276.

Dichogaster bolaui Pickford, 1932: 286.

Dichogaster bolaui Stephenson, 1933: 934.

Dichogaster bolaui Michaelsen, 1935: 101.

Dichogaster bolaui Kyaw & Gates, 1936: 166.

Dichogaster bolaui Chen, 1938: 419. [同定形質のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Kobayashi, 1940a: 1. [形態記載]

Dichogaster bolaui 小林, 1941d: 373. [形態記載]

Dichogaster bolaui 小林, 1941g: 514. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Kobayashi, 1941f: 403. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Gates, 1942a: 95 (syn. rugosa, palmicola, octonephra).

Dichogaster bolaui Gates, 1958: 618.

Dichogaster bolaui bolaui Righi, 1968: 374 (syn. malayana, octonephra, bolavi palmicola, bolavi pacifica, decanephra).

Dichogaster bolaui Gates, 1976c: 2. [記述のみ] (Apr, 1976)

Dichogaster bolaui Sims, 1978: 671.

Dichogaster bolaui Easton, 1981: 46. [同定形質のみ] (Apr 30, 1981)

Dichogaster bolaui Lee, 1981: 566.

Dichogaster bolaui Julka, 1981: 34.

Dichogaster bolaui Julka, 1982: 1951. [形態記載]

Dichogaster bolaui bolaui Righi, 1984: 28. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Standen, 1988: 44.

Dichogaster bolaui Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1989: 137 (syn. octonephra, palmicola, bolaui pacifica, rugosa, malayana, bolaui decanephra, bolaui malabaricus, lageniformis syn. nov.).

Dichogaster bolaui Nakamura, 1990: 102.

Dichogaster malayana Nakamura, 1990: 102.

Dichogaster bolaui Csuzdi & Zicsi, 1991: 190.

Dichogaster bolaui Zicsi, 1993: 139.

Dichogaster bolaui Dyne & Wallace, 1994: 63.

Dichogaster bolaui Shih et al., 1999: 438. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Blakemore, 2003: 11. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Paliwal & Julka, 2004: 1974.

Dichogaster bolaui James, 2004c: 10. [同定形質のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Sautter et al., 2006: 298.

Dichogaster bolaui Dhimon & Battish, 2006: 2136.

Dichogaster bolaui Huang et al., 2006: 17. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Horn et al., 2007: 175.

Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) bolaui Blakemore, 2008d: 35 (syn. ? hatomaana). [記述のみ] (Dec ?, 2008)

Dichogaster bolaui Tsai et al., 2009: 37.

Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) bolaui Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009: 11. [記述のみ] (syn. bolavi, malayana, octonephra, palmicola, rugosa, bolavi pacifica, bolavi decanephra, lageniformis, malabaricus)

Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) bolaui Bartz et al., 2009: 938. [記述のみ] (Aug, 2009)

Dichogaster bolaui Reynolds, 2009b: 67. [記述のみ] (Aug, 2009)

Dichogaster bolaui Somniyam & Suwanwaree, 2009: 223. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Reynolds, 2011a: 287. [記述のみ] (Apr, 2011)

Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) bolaui Blakemore, 2012b: 17 (syn. ? hatomaana). [記述のみ] (Feb 28, 2012)

Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) bolaui Feijoo & Celis, 2012: 113.

Dichogaster bolaui James & Divina, 2012: 148.

Dichogaster bolaui Blakemore et al., 2012c: 198. [記述のみ]

Dichogaster bolaui Sinha et al. 2013: 300.

Dichogaster bolaui Fragoso & Rojas, 2014: 203. [記述のみ] (?, 2014)

Dichogaster bolaui Reynolds, 2015v: 118. [記述のみ] (Dec, 2015)

Dichogaster bolaui malabaricus

Benhamia palmicola

Benhamia rugosa

Benhamia leganiformis

decanephra

malayana

Benhamia bolavi Horst, 1893: 37, Michaelsen, 1897: 15

Stephenson, 1919: 451

Benhamia malayana Beddard, 1895: 569.

D. bolaui Michaelsen, 1901: 205, 1903: 16; 1910: 98, 1913: 273, 1913: 214, 1916: 37, 1928: 9.

Cernosvitov, 1935: 12. Pickford, 1938: 98., Righi et al., 1978: 38.

Bartz, M.L.C., Pasini, A., Brown, G.G., 2009. Earthworms from Mato Grosso, Brazil, and new records of species from the state. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasilia 44(8): 934-939.

Blakemore, R.J., 2003. Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): A review and checklist of species. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 11: 1-43.

Blakemore, R.J., 2008d. A review of Japanese earthworms after Blakemore (2003). In: Ito MT, Kaneko N, (eds.), A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World, 2nd Edition (2006) and Supplemental. COE soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM Publication.

Blakemore, R.J., 2012b. Japanese earthworms revisited a decade on. Zoology in the Middle East 58 suppl 4: 15-22.

Blakemore, R.J., Lee, W., Ryu, J.S., Ahn, M.H.., Kim, S.R., 2012. Accidental vaginal parasitism by oligochaete worms (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Opusc. Zool. Budapest 43(2): 197-201.

Chen, Y., 1938. Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contribution from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series 12(10): 375-427.

Cognetti, L., 1905b. Oligocheti raccolti nel Darien dal Dr. Festa. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino 20(495): 1-7.

Cognetti, L., 1905c. Gli Oligocheti della regione Neotropicale. Mem. R. Acad. Soc. Torino 56: 1-72.

Cognetti, L., 1908d. Lombrichi raccolti dal cav. Leonardo Fea nelle isole del Capo Verde e nel golfo di Guinea. Annali del Museo Civico di storia naturale di Genova 4: 79-118.

Csuzdi C, Pavleíček T, 2009. New records of earthworms from Guadeloupe with description of a new species (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae and Eudrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest 40(1): 9-15.

Csuzdi, C., Zicsi, A., 1989. Neue Dichogaster- Arten aus der Kongo-Region (Ogiochaeta: Octochaetidae). Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. 86: 133-152.

Csuzdi, C., Zicsi, A., 1991. Über die verbreitung neuer und bekannter Dichogaster und Eutrigaster arten aus Mittel und Südamerika (Oligochaeta: Octochaetidae), Regenwürmer aus südamerika 15. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 37(3/4): 177-192.

Dhiman, N., Battish, S.K., 2006. Earthworms from northern Indian states with Ocnerodrilus occidentalis Eisen, 1878 as a new report from Punjab. Zoos' Print Journal 21(1): 2135-2137.

Dyne, G.R., Wallace, C.C., 1994. Biodiversity and conservation of the earthworm fauna of the wet tropical of Queesland's world heritage area. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 36(1): 59-66.

Easton, E.G., 1981. Japanese earthworms: A synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology) 40(2): 33-65.

Eisen, G.A., 1896. Pacific Coast Oligochaeta II. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 2(5): 123–200.

Eisen, G., 1900. Researches in American Oligochaeta, with especial reference to those of the Pacific coast and adjacent islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 85-227.

Feijoo, A.M., Celis, L.V., 2012. New species of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae) in the Amazon region of Colombia. Zootaxa 3458: 103-119.

Fragoso, C., Rojas, P., 2014. Biodiversidad de lombrices de tierra (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Crassiclitellata) en México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Supl. 85: S197-S207.

Friend, H., 1916. Alien Oligochaeta in England. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 36(3): 262-271.

Gates, G.E., 1942a. Check list and bibliography of north American earthworms. American Midland Naturalist 27(1): 86-108.

Gates, G. E., 1958a. On burmese earthworms of the megascolecid subfamily Octochaetinae. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 13(1): 609-624.

Gates, G.E., 1976c. More on oligochaete distribution in North America. Megadrilogica 2(11): 1-6.

Horn, J.L., Plisko, J.D., Hamer, M.L., 2007. The leaf-litter earthworm fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of forests in Limpopo Province, South Africa: diversity, communities and conservation. African Zoology 42(2): 172-179.

Huang, J., Qin, X., Zheng, J.S., Chong, W., Dong, M.Z., 2006. Research on earthworm resources of China: I. Check-list and distribution. Journal of China Agricultural University 11(3): 9-20.

James, S.W., 2004c. An illustrated key to the earthworms of the Samoan Archipelago (Oligochaeta" Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae). Micronesica 37(1): 1-13.

James, S.W., Divina, G.B., 2012. Earthworm (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148.

Julka, J.M., 1981. Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper 26: 1-53.

Julka, J.M., 1982. Earthworm fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 80: 127-155.

Kobayashi, S., 1940a. Some earthworms from the south sea islands. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 4th series (Biology) 15(1): 1-5.

Kobayashi, S., 1941f. On some earthworms from the south sea islands II. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 4th series (Biology) 16(4): 391-405.

小林新二郎, 1941d. 西日本に於ける陸棲貧毛類の分布概況. 動物学雑誌 53(8): 371-384.

小林新二郎, 1941g. 九州地方陸棲貧毛類相の概況. 植物及動物 9(4): 511-518.

Kyaw, M.H., Gates, G.E., 1936. On earthworm populations and the formation of castings in Rangoon, Burma. Journal Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Science 2: 165-170.

Lee, K.E., 1981. Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Vanua Tu (New Hebrides Islands). Aust. J. Zool. 29: 535-572.

Michaelsen W., 1890g. Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. IV. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftillchen Anstalten 8: 299-340.

Michaelsen, W., 1891. Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. IV. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftillchen Anstalten 8: 299-340.

Michaelsen, W., 1892. Terricolen der berliner zoologischen sammlung. II. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 58(1): 14-261.

Michaelsen, W., 1900. Oligochaeta. Das Tierrich 10: 1-575. [in German]

Michaelsen, W., 1903b. Die Oligochäten Nordost-Afrikas, nach den Ausbeuten der Herren Oscar Neumann und Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger. Zoologische Jahrbücher 18(4/5): 435-556 [in German].

Michaelsen, W., 1905e. Die Oligochäten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 82: 288-367.

Michaelsen, W., 1908c. Die Oligochäten Westindiens. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Jena, Suppl. 11: 13-32.

Michaelsen, W., 1913c. The Oligochaeta of Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Government Museum, Pietermaritzburg 13: 397-458.

Michaelsen, W., 1915. Zentralafrikanische Oligochäten. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1910-1911, Leipzig Teil 1, Zoologie 8 1(1): 185-317.

Michaelsen, W., 1921b. Neue und wenig bekannte Oligochäten aus skandinavischen Sammlungen. Arkiv för Zoologi 13(19): 1-25.

Michaelsen, W., 1922. Oligochäeten aus dem Rijks museum van natuurlijke historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica 1: 1-72.

Michaelsen, W., 1924c. Oligochäten von Niederländisch-Indien. Treubia 4: 397-401.

Michaelsen, W., 1935b. Oligochaeta from Chirstmas Island, south of Java. Journal of Natural History ser. 10 15(85): 100-108.

Nakamura M, 1990. How to identify Hawaiian earthworms. Chuo Daigaku Ronshu 11: 101-110.

Paliwal, R., Julka, J.M., 2004. Checklist of earthworms of western Himalaya, India. Zoos' Print Journal 20(9): 1972-1976.

Pickford, G.E., 1932. Oligochaeta Part II. Earthworms. Discovery Reports 4: 265-290.

Reynolds, J.W., 2009b. Species distribution maps for Gates' Burmese Earthworms and current nomenclatural usage. Megadrilogica 13(6): 53-83.

Reynolds, J.W., 2011a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of southeastern United States. Megadrilogica 14(9-12): 175-318.

Reynolds, J.W., 2015v. A checklist by counties of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae) in Hawaii, USA. Megadrilogica 19: 123-145.

Righi, G., 1968. Sôbre alguns Oligochaeta do Brasil. Rev. brasil. Biol. 28(4): 369-382.

Righi, G., 1984b. On a collection of neotropical Megadrili Oligochaeta I. Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Megascolecidae. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 19(1): 9-31.

Rosa, D., 1895. Contributo allo studio dei terricoli neotropicali. Accademia Reale Delle Scienze di Trino 45(2): 89-152.

Sautter, K.D., Brown, G.G., James, S.W., Pasini, A., Nunes, D.H., Benito, N.P., 2006. Present knowledge on earthworm biodiversity in the state of Paraná, Brazil. European Journal of Soil Biology 42: S296-S300.

Shih, H.T., Chang, H.W., Chen, J.H., 1999. A review of the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 38(4): 435-442.

Sims, R.W., 1978. Megadriacea (Oligochaeta). In: Werger MJA (ed), Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Monographiae Biologicae, No. 31. pp. 661-676.

Sinha, M.P., Srivastava, R., Gupta, D.K., 2013. Earthworm biodiversity of Jharkhand: taxonomic description. The Bioscan 8(1): 293-310.

Somniyam, P., Suwanwaree, P., 2009. The diversity and distribution of terrestrial earthworms in Sakaerat Environmental Research Station and adjacent areas, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. World Applied Sciences Journal 6(2): 221-226.

Standen, V., 1988. Oligochaetes in fire climax grassland and conifer plantations in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4: 39-48.

Stephenson, J., 1916. On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum.Records of the Indian Museum 12: 299-354.

Stephenson, J., 1917. On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum 13: 353-416.

Stephenson, J., 1920. On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser-known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 7: 191-261.

Stephenson, J., 1923. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Oligochaeta. Taylor & Francis, London. 518 pp.

Stephenson, J., 1924a. Oligochaeta of the Siju cave, Garo Hills, Assam. Records of the Indian Museum 24(1): 127-135.

Stephenson, J., 1925b. On some Oligochaeta mainly from Assam, South India and the Andaman Islands. Records of the Indian Museum 27: 43-73.

Stephenson, J., 1926. Descriptions of Indian Oligochaeta. I. Records of the Indian Museum 28: 249-267.

Stephenson, J., 1931a. Oligochaeta from Burma, Kenya, and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1931: 33-92.

Stephenson, J., 1931b. Description of Indian Oligochaeta, II. Records of the Indian Museum 33: 173-202.

Stephenson, J., 1931c. Oligochaeta from the Malay peninsula. Journal of Federated Malay Museum 16: 261-285.

Stephenson, J., 1933. Oligochaeta from Australia, North Carolina and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1932: 899-941.

Tsai, C.F., Shen, H.P., Tsai, S.C., Lin, K.J., Hsieh, H.L., Yo, S.P., 2009. A checklist of oligochaetes (Annelida) from Taiwan and its adjacent islands. Zootaxa 2133: 33-48.

Ude, H., 1894. Beiträge zur Kenntnis ausländischer Regenwürmer. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 57: 57- 75.

Zicsi, A., 1993. Some Megadrili Oligochaeta of the Caribbean region. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 100(1): 137-142.