Pontoscolex corethrurus

　ナンベイミミズ科 ＞ ナンベイミミズ属 ＞ Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1856)

Lumbricus corethrurus 

Urochaeta corethrurus Rosa, 1889: 125; Vaillant, 1889: 97; Beddard, 1891: 269, 1891: 275.

Pontoscolex corethrurus Michaelsen, 1894b: 100, 1896: 247, 1899a: 144, 1899b: 224, 1900: 425, 1908c: 29, 1908g: 244, 1913c: 422, 1918: 234, 1922: 8, 1935: 101; Ude, 1894: 58, 1905: 495; Cognetti, 1904d: 5, 1904f: 3, 1905b: 5, 1908b: 915, 1908d: 112, 1908e: 319, 1913: 41; Stephenson, 1916: 349, 1917: 413, 1920: 258, 1923: 489, 1924b: 363, 1925b: 73, 1926: 266, 1931a: 84, 1931c: 283, 1932: 51, 1933: 934; Gates, 1926b: 472, 1926c: 169, 1926d: 182, 1926f: 217, 1942a: 99, 1948: 203, 1949c: 38, 1955c: 92, 1962e: 140, 1976c: 2; Kyaw & Gates, 1936: 166; Righi, 1971: 40, 1984c: 163; Sims, 1978: 671; Lee, 1981: 568; Julka, 1982: 130; Sims & Gerard, 1985: 124; Standen, 1988: 44; Nakamura, 1990: 102, 1994: 27; Zicsi, 1993: 139, 2004: 123; Dyne & Wallace, 1994: 63; Zicsi, 1995: 602, 2002: 120; Borges & Alfaro, 1997: 232; Mischis & Righi, 1999: 64; Zicsi et al., 2001: 160; James, 2004c: 12; James et al., 2005: 1022; Shen & Yeo, 2005: 15; Sautter et al., 2006: 298; Huang et al., 2006: 18; Horn et al., 2007: 175; Huerta et al., 2007: 191; Tsai et al., 2009: 37; Reynolds, 2009b: 55, 2015v: 118; Hasegawa et al., 2009: 901; Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009: 10; Aspe et al., 2009: 61; Somniyam & Suwanwaree, 2009: 223; Reynolds, 2009b: 55, 2011a: 233; Bartz et al., 2009: 937; Chang et al., 2009: 14; Nath & Chaudhuri, 2010: 362; Marichal et al., 2010: 443; Mohan et al., 2011: 411; Feijoo & Celis, 2012: 113; James & Divina, 2012: 147; Nxele, 2012: 550; Sinha et al., 2013: 298; Fragoso & Rojas, 2014: 203.

Pantoscolex corethrurus [sic] Kale & Krishnamoorthy, 1978: 24.

Urochaeta hystrix Perrier, 1872: 142.

Pontoscolex arenicola Beddard, 1891: 270; Michaelsen, 1900: 425.

Urochæta australiensis Beddard, 1891: 278.

Pontoscolex hawaiensis Beddard, 1896: 196; Michaelsen, 1899b: 222.

Pontoscolex corehtrurus mexicanus Eisen, 1900: 87.

Eurydame insignis

Urochaeta dubia

australiensis

 sp. Beddard, 1887b, Beddard, 1888a

基産地：Itajahy, Brazil

タイプ標本所在地：

＜外部形態＞

　全長 48-148 mm (48-120 [Julka, 1982]、50-80 [James, 2004c]、60-120 [Sims & Gerard, 1985]、80-100 [Vaillant, 1889]、92-128 [Chang et al., 2009]、92-148 [Shen & Yeo, 2005])、体幅 2-6 mm (2-6 [Julka, 1982]、3.5-4.3 [Chang et al., 2009]、4-6 [Sims & Gerard, 1985])、体節数 60-232 (60-232 [Julka, 1982]、90-212 [Sims & Gerard, 1985]、167-220 [Chang et al., 2009]、167-232 [Shen & Yeo, 2005]、220 [Vaillant, 1889])。二次体環が発達している (Chang et al., 2009)。

　体色は無色で、環帯は鮮やかな黄色 (Shen & Yeo, 2005) 、橙色または灰ピンク色 (Chang et al., 2009)。頭部はピンク色がかる (Shen & Yeo, 2005)、もしくはピンク色から明紫色 (Chang et al., 2009)。 体は明青ピンク色で、尾は白色 (Chang et al., 2009)。環帯より前に、皮膚を透けて3つの鮮やかな黄色斑に見える石灰腺が見つかる (Chang et al., 2009)。

　剛毛は各体節 2 本 4 対だが、尾部では連続する 2 つの体節で剛毛の位置が互い違いになる。第 1 体節から剛毛が生える (Sims & Gerard, 1985)。体前部では剛毛の配列は aa > bc、dd 0.5 U (Shen & Yeo, 2005)。第 19-21 体節の ab 剛毛は、膨れて剛毛隆起になる (Sims & Gerard, 1985)。口前葉を欠くが、口の組織がめくれて口前葉もしくは鼻のように突出する (Sims & Gerard, 1985)。

　背孔を欠く (Julka, 1982; Sims & Gerard, 1985; Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。腎管孔が各体節の体節間溝の C 剛毛線の側方にある (Shen & Gerard, 1985)。

　環帯は鞍型で第 14-23 体節 (14、15-22 [Shen & Yeo, 2005]、14、15-21、22 [Chang et al., 2009]、15-22 [James, 2004c]、15、16-21、22、23 [Julka, 1982]、15、16-22、23 [Sims & Gerard, 1985]) を占める。思春期隆起壁は狭く、やや突出し、第 18-22 (15-21 [Chang et al., 2009]、18、19-20、21、22 [Julka, 1982]、18-21 [Shen & Yeo, 2005]、19-21、22 [Sims & Gerard, 1985])で、b 剛毛線上。受精囊孔は小さくて 3 対で、第 6/7/8/9 体節間溝で、c 剛毛線上 (Sims & Gerard, 1985) に開口するが、ほとんど見えない (Chang et al., 2009)。雌性孔は小さく、第 15 体節に開口し、第 14/15 体節間溝の ab 剛毛線上に隣接するが (Sims & Gerard, 1985)、ほとんど見えない (Chang et al., 2009)。雄性孔は小さく、第 20/21 体節間溝の b 剛毛線上に開口する (Sims & Gerard, 1985)、もしくは第17体節に開口し、雄性孔間距離は体周の0.06 (Chang et al., 2009)。

＜内部形態＞

　隔膜は第 6/7/8/9/10 は筋肉質 (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。砂嚢は第 6 体節 (Shen & Yeo, 2005)、または第 4-6 体節 (Chang et al., 2009)。腸管は第 15 体節から膨れる (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。腸盲嚢を欠く (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。

　心臓は第 10-11 体節 (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。腎管は小さくて各体節に無数に存在し、導管は細くて、嚢状部はやや膨れる (Shen & Yeo, 2005)。腎管は 4-5 個がまとまって付着し、導管は直線的で、先端は膨れる (Chang et al., 2009)。石灰腺は 3 対で、第 7-9 体節にあり卵型 (Sims & Gerard, 1985; Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。

　精巣は第 11 体節 (Sims & Gerard, 1985) または第 12 体節から第 11 体節に伸びる (Chang et al., 2009)、第 15 体節 (Shen & Yeo, 2005) で、貯精嚢は平たくて、第 12 体節 (Sims & Gerard, 1985)、もしくは第 13 体節 (Chang et al., 2009)、第 15 体節から第 17、18 体節まで伸びる (Shen & Yeo, 2005)。摂護腺を欠く (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。受精囊は 3 対で第 7-9 体節にあり、細長く、導管は長い (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。副嚢を欠く (Shen & Yeo, 2005; Chang et al., 2009)。

　日本では、小笠原諸島 (Nakamura, 1994; Hasegawa et al., 2009)、沖縄本島 (Blakemore et al, 2006) で分布が確認されている。

　国外では、イギリス (Sims & Gerard, 1985)、インド (Michaelsen, 1908; Stephenson, 1916, 1920, 1923, 1924b, 1925b, 1926; Kale & Krishnamoorthy, 1978; Nath & Chaudhuri, 2010; Mohan et al., 2011; Sinha et al., 2013)、スリランカ (Michaelsen, 1896, 1899a, 1908; Stephenson, 1923)、アンダマン諸島 (Stephenson, 1925b; Julka, 1982)、エンガノ島 (Gates, 1948)、中国 (Huang et al., 2006)、台湾 (James et al., 2005; Tsai et al., 2009; Chang et al., 2009)、ミャンマー (Gates, 1926b-d, f, 1955c; Kyaw & Gates, 1936; Reynolds, 2009b)、タイ (Somnyam & Suwanwaree, 2009)、マレーシア (Michaelsen, 1916; Stephenson, 1917, 1931c, 1932; Gates, 1949c)、シンガポール (Michaelsen, 1916; Shen & Yeo, 2005)、インドネシア (Vaillant, 1889; Rosa, 1889; Michaelsen, 1894b, 1922; Ude, 1894; Cognetti, 1913)、フィリピン (Stephenson, 1933; Aspe et al., 2009)、パプア・ニューギニア (Standen, 1988)、オーストラリア (Michaelsen, 1935; Dyne & Wallace, 1994)、ニューヘブリディーズ諸島 (Lee, 1981)、フィジー (Ude, 1905)、サモア (Ude, 1905; Cognetti, 1908e; James, 2004c)、トンガ (Ude, 1905)、ハワイ諸島 (Beddard, 1896; Michaelsen, 1899b; Ude, 1905; Nakamura, 1990; Reynolds, 2015v)、アメリカ合衆国 (Reynolds, 2011a)、メキシコ (Eisen, 1900; Gates, 1942a; Huerta et al., 2007; Fragoso & Rojas, 2014)、グアテマラ (Gates, 1942a)、エルサルバドル (Gates, 1942a)、コスタリカ (Vaillant, 1889; Cognetti, 1904f, 1908b; Michaelsen, 1918; Gates, 1942a)、パナマ (Cognetti, 1905b; Michaelsen, 1916, 1918; Gates, 1942a)、ハイチ (Michaelsen, 1908c; Gates, 1942a)、ドミニカ (Zicsi, 1993)、プエルトリコ (Borges & Alfaro, 1997)、ヴァージン諸島 (Michaelsen, 1908c; Gates, 1942a)、アンティグラ (Michaelsen, 1916b)、グアデルーペ (Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009)、マルティニーク (Vaillant, 1889; Michaelsen, 1922)、コロンビア (Michaelsen, 1918, 1922; Marichal et al., 2010; Feijoo & Celis, 2012)、ベネズエラ (Righi, 1984)、トリニダード・ドバゴ (Stephenson, 1931)、スリナム (Michaelsen, 1918, 1922; Zicsi, 1993)、ブラジル (Vaillant, 1889; Michaelsen, 1918; Righi, 1971, 1984b, 1984c; Zicsi et al., 2001; Sautter et al., 2006; Bartz et al., 2009; Marichal et al., 2010)、エクアドル (Cognetti, 1904d; Michaelsen, 1918; Zicsi, 2002)、ボリビア (Zicsi, 1995)、パラグアイ (Righi, 1984b)、チリ (Zicsi, 2004)、アルゼンチン (Righi, 1984b; Mischis & Righi, 1999)、カーポベルデ (Cognetti, 1908d)、リベリア (Michaelsen, 1922)、南アフリカ (Michaelsen, 1913c: 422; Sims, 1978; Horn et al., 2007; Nxele, 2012) に分布する。

　他の Pontoscolex 属の分布がギアナ高地に限定されることから、この地域が原産地であり、人類によって熱帯地域に広く運ばれて分布を拡大したと考えられる (Righi, 1984c)。

　台湾の都市部の公園や学校、農耕地、山道沿いの用水路の優占種である (Chang et al., 2009)。

　アメリカ合衆国ではビニールハウス内から採集された記録がある (Gates, 1963)。タイでは様々な環境で優占種であったが、フタバガキ林やサトウキビ農場では全く採集されなかった (Somniyam & Suwanwaree, 2009)。砂浜で発見されることが多い (Sims & Gerard, 1985)。農地や堆肥の中にも生息する (Sims & Gerard, 1985)。

　台湾では，標高 1,000 m 以下に広く分布している (Chang et al., 2009)．

　北米ではほとんどの個体が雄性孔を持たず、単為生殖を行っていると考えられる (Gates, 1962e)。Hasegawa et al., (2009) による小笠原諸島父島での調査によると、同定できた標本の個体数で80 %、全生重の16 %を本種が占めていた。台湾北部の1607地点のうち28%から本種が採集され、全体の8%の地点では採集されたのは本種のみ (Chen et al., 2004)。

Aspe, N.M., Nuñeza, O.M., Torres, M.A.J., 2009. Diversity and distribution of earthworms in Mt. Malindang, Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies 8(3): 59-67.

Bartz, M.L.C., Pasini, A., Brown, G.G., 2009. Earthworms from Mato Grosso, Brazil, and new records of species from the state. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasilia 44(8): 934-939.

Beddard, F.E., 1891. The classification and distribution of earthworms. Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh 10: 235-290.

Beddard, F.E., 1896. On some earthworms from the Sandwich Islands collected by Mr. R.L. Perkins; with an appendix on some new species of Perichaeta etc. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 194-211.

Borges, S., Alfaro, M., 1997. The earthworms of Baño de Oro, Luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29(3/4): 231-234.

Chang CH, Shen HP, Chen JH, 2009. Earthworm Fauna of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei. 174 pp.

Cognetti, L., 1904d. Oligocheti dell' Ecuador. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino 19(474): 1-18.

Cognetti, L., 1904f. Nuovi Oligocheti di Costa Rica. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino 19(478): 1-4.

Cognetti, L., 1905b. Oligocheti raccolti nel Darien dal Dr. Festa. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino 20(495): 1-7.

Cognetti, L., 1908b. Lombrichi di Costa Rica e del Venezuela. Atti della Reale Accademia della Scienze di Torino 43: 913-926.

Cognetti, L., 1908d. Lombrichi raccolti dal cav. Leonardo Fea nelle isole del Capo Verde e nel golfo di Guinea. Annali del Museo Civico di storia naturale di Genova 4: 79-118.

Cognetti, L., 1908e. Di alcuni Oligocheti esotici. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 22(4): 308-321.

Cognetti, L., 1913. Oligochetes (de Ceram et de Waigeu). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 19: 37-41.

Csuzdi C, Pavleíček T, 2009. New records of earthworms from Guadeloupe with description of a new species (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae and Eudrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest 40(1): 9-15.

Dyne, G.R., Wallace, C.C., 1994. Biodiversity and conservation of the earthworm fauna of the wet tropical of Queesland's world heritage area. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 36(1): 59-66.

Eisen, G., 1900. Researches in American Oligochaeta, with especial reference to those of the Pacific coast and adjacent islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 85-227.

Fragoso, C., Rojas, P., 2014. Biodiversidad de lombrices de tierra (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Crassiclitellata) en México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Supl. 85: S197-S207.

Feijoo, A.M., Celis, L.V., 2012. New species of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae) in the Amazon region of Colombia. Zootaxa 3458: 103-119.

Gates, G.E., 1926b. Notes on Rangoon earthworms: The peregrine species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 9. 17: 439-473.

Gates, G.E., 1926c. Notes on earthworms from various places in the provinces of Burma, with descriptions of two new species. Records of the Indian Museum 28: 141-170.

Gates, G.E., 1926f. The earthworms of Rangoon. Journal of the Burma Research Society 15: 196-221.

Gates, G.E., 1948. On some earthworms from the Buitenzorg Museum III. Results of the third Archbold expedition 1938-1939. Oligochaeta. Treubia 19(2): 139-212.

Gates, G.E., 1949c. On some earthworms from Perlis and Kedah. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 19: 5-38.

Gates, G.E., 1955c. The earthworms of Burma VI. Records of the Indian Museum 52: 55-93.

Gates, G.E., 1962e. Miscellanea megadrilogica. V-VI. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 137-143.

Gates, G.E., 1976c. More on oligochaete distribution in North America. Megadrilogica 2(11): 1-6.

Hasegawa M, Sugiura S, Ito MT, Yamaki A, Hamaguchi K, Kishimoto T, Okochi I, 2009. Community structures of soil animals and survival of land snails on an island of the Ogasawara Archipelago. Pseq. Agropec. Bras., Brasilia 44(8): 869-903.

Horn, J.L., Plisko, J.D., Hamer, M.L., 2007. The leaf-litter earthworm fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of forests in Limpopo Province, South Africa: diversity, communities and conservation. African Zoology 42(2): 172-179.

Huang, J., Qin, X., Zheng, J.S., Chong, W., Dong, M.Z., 2006. Research on earthworm resources of China: I. Check-list and distribution. Journal of China Agricultural University 11(3): 9-20.

Huerta, E., Rodriguez-Olan, J., Evia-Castillo, I., Montejo-Meneses, E., Cruz-Mondragon, M., Garcia-Hernandez, R., Uribe, S., 2007. Earthworms and soil properties in Tabasco, Mexico. European Journal of Soil Biology 43: S190-195.

James, S.W., 2004c. An illustrated key to the earthworms of the Samoan Archipelago (Oligochaeta" Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae). Micronesica 37(1): 1-13.

James, S.W., Divina, G.B., 2012. Earthworm (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae, Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae) of the coastal region of Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Province, southwestern Gabon. Zootaxa 3458: 133-148.

James, S.W., Shih, H.T., Chang, H.W., 2005. Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 39(14): 1007-1029.

Julka, J.M., 1982. Earthworm fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 80: 127-155.

Kale, R.D., Krishnamoorthy, R.V., 1978. Distribution and abundance of earthworms in Bangalore. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, Animal Sciences 87(3): 23-25.

Kyaw, M.H., Gates, G.E., 1936. On earthworm populations and the formation of castings in Rangoon, Burma. Journal Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Science 2: 165-170.

Lee, K.E., 1981. Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Vanua Tu (New Hebrides Islands). Aust. J. Zool. 29: 535-572.

Marichal R., Martinez, A.F., Praxedes, C., Ruiz, D., Carvajal, A.F., Oszwald, J., Hurtado, M.P., Brown, G.G., Grimaldi, M., Desjardins, T., Sarrazin, M., Decaëns, T., Velasquez, E., Lavelle, P., 2010. Invasion of Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae, Oligochaeta) in landscape of the Amazonian deforestation arc. Applied Soil Ecology 46: 443-449.

Michaelsen, W., 1894b. Lumbriciden. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 8: 99-100.

Michaelsen, W., 1896. Die terricolenfauna Ceylons. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 14: 157-250.

Michaelsen, W., 1899a. Beiträge zur kenntniss der Oligochäten. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftliche Anstalten, Hamburg 12: 105-144.

Michaelsen, W., 1899b. Oligochäten von den Inseln des Pacific, nebst Erörterungen zur systematick der Megascolecidon. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftliche Anstalten, Hamburg 12: 211-246.

Michaelsen, W., 1900. Oligochaeta. Das Tierrich 10: 1-575.

Michaelsen, W., 1905e. Die Oligochäten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 82: 288-367.

Michaelsen, W., 1908c. Die Oligochäten Westindiens. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Jena, Suppl. 11: 13-32.

Michaelsen, W., 1908g. The Oligochaeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 1: 103-253.

Michaelsen, W., 1913c. The Oligochaeta of Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Government Museum, Pietermaritzburg 13: 397-458.

Michaelsen, W., 1916b. Oligochäten aus dem naturhistorischen reichs-museum zu Stockholm. Arkiv för Zoologi 10(9): 1-21.

Michaelsen, W., 1918. Die Lumbriciden, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der bisher als Familie Glossoscolecidae zusammengefaβten Unterfamilien. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Jena 41: 1-398.

Michaelsen, W., 1922. Oligochäeten aus dem Rijks museum van natuurlijke historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica 1: 1-72.

Michaelsen, W., 1935b. Oligochaeta from Chirstmas Island, south of Java. Journal of Natural History ser. 10 15(85): 100-108.

de Mischis, C.C., Righi, G., 1999. Contribution to knowledge of the Oligochaete fauna (Annelida, Oligochaeta) from Argentina. Gayana 63(2): 63-65.

Mohan, M., Chandran, M.S.S., Ramasamy, E.V., 2011. Vulnerable earthworm species identified from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. International Journal of Zoological Research 7(6): 410-413.

Nakamura M, 1990. How to identify Hawaiian earthworms. Chuo Daigaku Ronshu 11: 101-110.

Nakamura M, 1994. Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Ogasawara Archipelagoes. Chuo Daigaku Ronshu 15: 21-31.

Nath, S., Chaudhuri, P.S., 2010. Human-induced biological invasions in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations of Tripura (India)- Pontoscolex corethrurus as a case study. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Science 1(2): 360-369.

Nxele, T.C., 2012. The megadrile fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Queen Elizabeth Park, South Africa: species composition and distribution within different vegetation types. African Invertebrates 53(2): 543-558.

Perrier, E., 1872. Recherches pour servia a I’histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Noubelles archives du Muséum d’histoire naturelle 8: 5-198.

Reynolds, J.W., 2009b. Species distribution maps for Gates' Burmese Earthworms and current nomenclatural usage. Megadrilogica 13(6): 53-83.

Reynolds, J.W., 2011a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of southeastern United States. Megadrilogica 14(9-12): 175-318.

Reynolds, J.W., 2015v. A checklist by counties of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae) in Hawaii, USA. Megadrilogica 19: 123-145.

Righi, G., 1971. Sôbre a família Glossoscolecidae (Oligochaeta) no Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia 20: 1-96.

Righi, G., 1984b. On a collection of neotropical Megadrili Oligochaeta II. Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 19(2): 99-120.

Righi, G., 1984c. Pontoscolex (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae), a new evaluation. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 19(3): 159-177.

Rosa, D., 1889. I lombrichi raccolti nell'isola Nias dal Signor E. Modigliani e descritti dal Dott. Daniele Rosa, Assistente al R. Museo Zoologico di Torino. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 125-136.

Sautter, K.D., Brown, G.G., James, S.W., Pasini, A., Nunes, D.H., Benito, N.P., 2006. Present knowledge on earthworm biodiversity in the state of Paraná, Brazil. European Journal of Soil Biology 42: S296-S300.

Shen, H.P., Yeo, D.C.J., 2005. Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53(1): 13-33.

Sims, R.W., 1978. Megadriacea (Oligochaeta). In: Werger MJA (ed), Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Monographiae Biologicae, No. 31. pp. 661-676.

Sims, R.W., Gerard, B.M., 1985. A Synopsis of the Earthworms. Keys and notes for the identification and study of the species. Synopses of the British Fauna (A New Series) No. 31. Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association. 171 pp.

Sinha, M.P., Srivastava, R., Gupta, D.K., 2013. Earthworm biodiversity of Jharkhand: taxonomic description. The Bioscan 8(1): 293-310.

Somniyam, P., Suwanwaree, P., 2009. The diversity and distribution of terrestrial earthworms in Sakaerat Environmental Research Station and adjacent areas, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. World Applied Sciences Journal 6(2): 221-226.

Standen, V., 1988. Oligochaetes in fire climax grassland and conifer plantations in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4: 39-48.

Stephenson, J., 1916. On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum.Records of the Indian Museum 12: 299-354.

Stephenson, J., 1917. On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum 13: 353-416.

Stephenson, J., 1920. On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser-known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 7: 191-261.

Stephenson, J., 1924b. On some Indian Oligochaeta with a description of two new genera of Ocnerodrilinae. Records of the Indian Museum 26: 317-365.

Stephenson, J., 1925b. On some Oligochaeta mainly from Assam, South India and the Andaman Islands. Records of the Indian Museum 27: 43-73.

Stephenson, J., 1926. Descriptions of Indian Oligochaeta. I. Records of the Indian Museum 28: 249-267.

Stephenson, J., 1931a. Oligochaeta from Burma, Kenya, and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1931: 33-92.

Stephenson, J., 1931c. Oligochaeta from the Malay peninsula. Journal of Federated Malay Museum 16: 261-285.

Stephenson, J., 1932. Oligochaeta from the Malay Peninsula. II. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 7: 42-51.

Stephenson, J., 1933. Oligochaeta from Australia, North Carolina and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1932: 899-941.

Tsai, C.F., Shen, H.P., Tsai, S.C., Lin, K.J., Hsieh, H.L., Yo, S.P., 2009. A checklist of oligochaetes (Annelida) from Taiwan and its adjacent islands. Zootaxa 2133: 33-48.

Ude, H., 1894. Beiträge zur Kenntnis ausländischer Regenwürmer. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 57: 57- 75.

Ude, H., 1905. Terricole Oligochäten von den inseln der südsee und verschiedenen andern Gebieten der Erde. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 83: 405-501.

Vaillant, L., 1889. Histoire naturelle des Anneles marins et d'eau douce. 3. Lombriciniens, Hirudiniens, Bdellomophes, Teretulariens et Planariens. 766 pp.

Zicsi, A., 1993. Some Megadrili Oligochaeta of the Caribbean region. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 100(1): 137-142.

Zicsi, A., 1995. Regenwürmer aus Bolivien (Oligochaeta). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 102(3): 585-608.

Zicsi, A., 2002. Eine neue Art der Gattung Zongodrilus Righi, 1995 sowie weitere Arten der Familie Glossoscolecidae (Oligochaeta) aus Ecuador. Regenwürmer aus Südamerika 37. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest 34: 113-123.

Zicsi, A., 2004. Die Regenwurmfauna Chiles mit Bestimmungsschlüsseln der Chilota-, Yagansia- und Eodrilus- Arten (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae) Regenwürmer aus Südamerika 40. Berichte des naturwissenschaftlichen-medizinischen Verein Innsbruck 91: 111-128.

Zicsi, A., Römbke, J., Garcia, M., 2001. Regenwürmer (Oligochaeta) aus der Umgebung von Manaus (Amazonien). Regenwürmer aus Südamerika 32. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108(1): 153-164.

Gates, 1973; Righi et al. 1976, Righi, 1980; Tsai et al., 2000b: 68; Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; Chang et al., 2001: 76; Chen et al., 2002: 77; Chuang et al., 2002: 68; Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 3; Chen et al., 2003: 58; Chen et al., 2004: 117; Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; Blakemore et al., 2006: 230